Tag Archives: 18th century

Timeline: Natural Law in Scotland, 1700-1749

Date
Publication, Appointment, Lecture, or Other Event
1705 William Cockburn, A letter from Mr. Cockburn to the Right Honourable John of Roxburgh, one of the principal secretaries of state for the Kingdom of Scotland (Edinburgh)
1706 Samuel Pufendorf, Le devoirs de l’homme et du citoyen, tels qu’ils lui sont prescrits par la loi naturelle, tr. J. Barberac (Amsterdam)
1707 William Scott (ed.), Hugonis Grotii de jure belli ac pacis librorum III. Compendium, annotationibus & commentaries selectis illustratum. In usum studisae juventutis Academiae Edinensis (Edinburgh)
1707 First Regius Professor of the Law of Nature and Nations at Edinburgh, Charles Areskine (-1734); inaugural lecture on ‘God as the Fountain of Law’
1707 Samuel Pufendorf, Le droit de la nature des gens, ou system general des principes les plus importants de la monde, de la jurisprudence, et de las politique, tr. J. Barbeyrac, 2 vols (Amsterdam)
1707 Charles Areskine advertises class ‘on the Laws of Nature and Nations’ [Cairns, ‘First’*]
1711 Shaftesbury, Characteristicks of men, manners, opinions, times (London)
1712 Gershom Carmichael‘s Account of His Teaching Method’ (manuscript)
1718 Samuel Pufendorf, De jure naturae et gentium. Abridgments S. Puffendorfii de officio hominis et civis, juxta legum naturalem libri duo. Editio nova, aucta observationibus & supplementis, … adjectis a Gerschomo Carmichael… (Glasgow)
1721 David Verner, Dissertatio philosophica, de passionibus sive affectibus, quam…in auditorio publico Academiciae Novae Abredonensis, ad diem [] Aprilis, propugnabunt, David Verner praeses, et hi candidati laurea magistreriali condonandi (Aberdeen)
1722 Patrick Hardie, Amplissimo ac ornatissimo domino D. Gulielmo Forbes de Craigievar &c. Equiti Baronetto almae hujus Academiae rectori magnifico, dignissimo, non minus propriis virtutibus quam generosa prosapiâ illustri. Theses hasce philosophicas in deditissimi affectus & perpetuae observantiae tesseram, D.D.C.Q. Patricius Hardie praeses et hi candidati laurea magisteriali condecorandi. … Qui A.D.O.M. theses hasce cum annexis publicè propugnabant, in Collegio Novo Universitatis Carolinae Abredonensis, ad 11 diem Aprilis, 1722. h.l.q.s  (Aberdeen)
1724 Samuel Pufendorf, S. Puffendorfii De officio hominis et civis, juxta legem naturalem, libri duo. Supplementis & observationibus in academicæ juventutis usum auxit & illustravit Gerschomus Carmichael, Philosophiae in Academia Glasguensi Professor. Editio Secunda priore Auctior & Emendatior (Edinburgh)
1726 George Turnbull, Theses academicæ de pulcherrima mundi cum materialis tum rationalis constitutione quas; … sub præsidio Georgii Turnbull P.P, in auditorio publico Academiæ Novæ Abredonensis ad diem 14 Aprilis, … propugnabunt hi generosi adolescentes, ad gradum magisterialem laudabilite contendentes (Aberdeen)
1727 Gershom Carmichael, Professor of Moral Philosophy (-1729); uses Pufendorf, De officio homini et civis as his textbook
1727 Richard Cumberland, A treatise of the law of nature (London)
1728 Johann Gottieb Heineccius, Elementa philosophiae rationalis et moralis (Amsterdam)
1730 Francis Hutcheson ‘teaches Mr Carmichael‘s Compend on Puffendorf’ [More, ‘Presbyterianism’ 168*]
1732 Advocate John Lookup offers weekly ‘Prelections upon the Law of Nature and Nations’ [Cairns, ‘First’*]
1734 William Kirkpatrick becomes Regius Professor of the Law of Nature and Nations at Edinburgh (-1735); does not teach and gives up position in the next year to become an MP
1735 George Abercromby, becomes Regius Professor of the Law of Nature and Nations at Edinburgh (-1759); teaches using Grotius
1738 Grotius, The rights of war and peace, in three books…to which are added all the large notes of Mr. J. Barbeyrac (London)
1739 Hugh Blair, Dissertatio philosophica inauguralis, de fundamentis & obligatione legis naturæ: Quam, favente numine, ut in artibus liberalibus & disciplinis philosophicis magister rite renuncietur, ex auctoritate reverendi admodum viri, D. Gulielmi Wishart, S.T.D. academiæ Edinburgenæ præfecti: nec non amplissimi senatus academici. & nobilissima faculratis arrium, decreto, eruditorum examini, in auditorio publico academiæ, ad 23. diem Februarii, horâ 10. Antemeridianâ, subjiciet Hugo Blair, A. & R. (Edinburgh)
1740 George Turnbull, Theses Philosophicae de Scientiae Naturalis cum Philosophia Morali Conjunctione (Aberdeen)
1740 George Turnbull, The Principles of Moral Philosophy (London); contains material from graduation theses of 1726 and 1726 (Stewart 101*)
1741 J. G. Heineccius, A methodical system of universal law: or, The laws of nature and nations, deduced from certain principles, and applied to proper cases / written in Latin by the celebrated Jo. Got. Heineccius, counsellor of State to the King of Prussia, and professor of philosophy at Hall.; translated, and illustrated with notes and supplements, by George Turnbull LL. D. To which is added, a discourse upon the nature and origin of moral and civil laws ; in which they are deduced, by an analysis of the human mind in the experimental Way, from our internal principles and dispositions (London; new edn 1763)
1741 John Erskine, ‘The law of nature sufficiently promulgated to the heathens’ in Theological dissertations (London 1765)
1742 George Turnbull, Observations upon liberal education in all its branches  (London)
1742 Francis Hutcheson, Philosophiae moralis institutio compendiaria, ethices & jurisprudentiae naturalis elementa continens (Glasgow) (2nd edn, 1753)
1742 Walter Anderson, Dissertatio philosophica inauguralis, de naturali hominum ad societatem propensione. Quam, favente numine, ut in artibus liberalibus & disciplinis philosophicis magister rite renuncietur, ex auctoritate reverendi admodum viri, D. Gulielmi Wishart, S.T.D. academiæ Edinburgenæ præfecti: nec non amplissimi senatus academici, & nobilissima faculratis arrium, decreto, eruditorum examini, in auditorio publico academiæ, ad 18 diem Martii, hora 10. Antemeridianâ, subjiciet Gualterus Anderson, A. & R. (Edinburgh)
1746 Thomas Craigie, professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow (-1751); uses Hutcheson’s Philosophiae moralis institution compendaria, ethicis & jursiprudentiae naturalis elementa continuen as his textbook
1747 Francis Hutcheson, A short introduction to moral philosophy, in three books; containing the elements of ethicks and the law of nature. By Francis Hutcheson, Lld. Late Professor of Philosophy in the University of Glasgow. Translated from the Latin (Glasgow) [Book II = Elements of the law of nature; Advice on studying addressed ‘To the Students in Universities’]
1748 Lord President of the Court of Session urges trainee advocates ‘to learn thoroughly the principles of the Roman Law and the Laws of Nature and Nations’ [Cairns, ‘First’*]
1748 J. J. Burlamaqui, The principles of natural law : in which the true systems of morality and civil government are established, and the different sentiments of Grotius, Hobbes, Puffendorf, Barbeyrac, Locke, Clark, and Hutchinson, occasionally considered (London)
1749 Samuel Pufendorf, Of the law of nature and nations…to which are now added, all the large notes of Mr. Barbeyrac, translated from his last and fourth edition (5th edn, London)

*For references, see the Site Bibliography.

George Glennie (d. 1845)

About Glennie

  • James Beattie‘s assistant, successor, and nephew-in-law
  • Chair of moral philosophy at Aberdeen, 1795-1838

Publications, Manuscripts and other Resources

  • [W Officer], ‘Lecture notes on moral philosophy, 1804-1805’ (AUL, MS 3787)

*For references, see the Site Bibliography.

James Dunbar (d. 1798)

About Dunbar

  • At King’s College, Aberdeen 1765-1795

Teaching

  • ‘Dunbar’s lectures comprised three principal elements: the philosophy of mind, in which he was greatly influenced by Thomas Reid; ethics, which saw him draw on Francis Hutcheson‘s idea of innate human sociability and a universal moral code based on natural benevolence; and political economy, a new subject at King’s and one influenced by Adam Smith‘s Wealth of Nations (1776).’ [ODNB*]

Publications, Manuscript, and other Resources

  • J Dunbar, ‘Institutes of moral philosophy’ [1789-1794], University of Aberdeen, Special Collections MS 3107/5/2/6

*For references, see the Site Bibliography.

Gershom Carmichael (1672-1729)

Gershom Carmichael (1672-1729)

About Carmichael

  • Regent at St Andrews, 1693
  • Regent at Glasgow, 1694-1727
  • Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow, 1727-1729

Teaching

  • Moral philosophy course ‘reoriented…around Pufendorf’s theories of natural law’ (Cairns, ‘Origins…Glasgow’ 157*)
  • Used Pufendorf’s textbook De officio homini et civis as text for teaching moral philosophy (Cairns, ‘Ethics’ 166*)
  • Discussed Locke’s theories and the social contract in his natural jurisprudence lectures (Wood, Aberdeen Enlightenment 181*)

Publications, Manuscripts and other Resources

  • ‘… most important publication, an extended commentary on Samuel Pufendorf’s work on the duty of man and citizen, S[amuelis] Pufendorfii de officio hominis et civis juxta legem naturalem, libri duo. Supplementis et observationibus in academicae juventutis usum auxit et illustravit Gerschomus Carmichael (1724; first edn, 1718).’ (ODNB*)
  • Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr von, De jure naturæ et gentium. Abridgments S. Puffendorfii de officio hominis et civis, juxta legem naturalem libri duo. Editio nova, aucta observationibus & supplementis, … adjectis a Gerschomo Carmichael … (Glasguæ: ex officina Donaldi Govan, 1718)
  • Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr von, De jure naturæ et gentium. Abridgments  S. Puffendorfii De officio hominis et civis, juxta legem naturalem, libri duo. Supplementis & observationibus in academicæ juventutis usum auxit & illustravit Gerschomus Carmichael, Philosophiae in Academia Glasguensi Professor. Editio Secunda priore Auctior & Emendatior (Edinburgi: typis Joannis Mosman & sociorum, impensis Joannis Paton Bibliopolae; & prostant venales apud officinam ejus in Area Parliamentaria, MDCCXXIV. [1724])
  • University of Glasgow, Archives and Business Records Centre, account of Carmichael’s teaching, 43170

*For references, see the Site Bibliography.

James Mylne (1757-1839)

About Mylne

  • Professor of moral philosophy at the University of Glasgow, 1797-1837

Publications, Manuscripts, and other Resources

  • David Murray, ‘John Jardine. Lectures on Botany, 1795. James Mylne. Lectures on Moral Philosophy, 1799’ (University of Glasgow, Special Collections MS Murray 207)
  • ‘Notes on Professor Mylne’s lectures on moral philosophy, Glasgow University, session 1815-16’ (Mitchell Library, Glasgow, MS 586134)
  • ‘Notes taken from Mr. James Mylne’s lectures [on moral philosophy] (1820) Taken by Thomas Mackenzie’ (University of Glasgow, Special Collections MS Gen 466)
  • ‘Notes of lectures on Moral Philosophy, delivered in the University of Glasgow, by James Mylne [c. 1829-30] taken by Charles Wicksteed’, 3 vols. (University of Glasgow, Special Collections MS Gen 97)
  • ‘Notes, of James Mylne’s lectures by Robert Pollok’ [nd] (University of Glasgow, Special Collections MS Gen 1355.100-33)

*For references, see the Site Bibliography.

William Law (d. 1729)

About Law

  • Regent at University of Edinburgh from 1690
  • Chair of Moral Philosophy at University of Edinburgh from 1708

Teaching

  • Taught natural law as a regent and continued to do so as a professor (Haakonssen, ‘Natural’ 262*)

 Publications, Manuscripts and other Resources

      • Dictates on ethics (1696), physics (1701), Annotationes in ontologgiam Gerrardi de Vries and Annotationes in pneumatologiam Gerrardi de Vries (1703-1704), and Annotationes in physicam generalem D. Joannis Clerici (1705) (University of Edinburgh, Centre for Research Collections, MSS Dc.7.79; Dc.8.43; Dc.8.53, ff. 43-119; Gen.71D)
      • Adv. MS 22.7.4, ‘Lectures of Prof. William Law taken by William Haldane’ (1699-1700)’ [Including from f. 49 ‘Elementa Philsophia Moralis’] (Advocates Library, Edinburgh)
      • MS Dc.8.53, ff. 42-119, ‘Dictates on Ethics (of William Law), taken down by John Smith, 1696’ (University of Edinburgh, Centre for Research Collections)
      • MS La.III.152, ‘Dictates on Ethics (of William Law), taken down by Robert Clark, 1696’ (University of Edinburgh, Centre for Research Collections)

*For references, see the Site Bibliography.

William Cleghorn (1718-1754)

About Cleghorn

  •  Professor of moral philosophy at Edinburgh, 1745-1754

Publications, Manuscripts, and other Resources

  • Student notes from his lectures, University of Edinburgh, Centre for Research Collection MSS Da.2.1p61 and Dc.3.3.6 (4 vols, taken down 1746-1747)
  • W Cleghorn, The spirit and principles of the Whigs and Jacobites compared. Being the substance of a discourse delivered to an audience of gentlemen at Edinburgh, December 22, 1745 (London: printed for R. Dodsley in Pall-Mall, and sold by M. Cooper in Paternoster-Row, 1746)

*For references, see the Site Bibliography.

John Erskine (1695-1768), of Carnock

About Erskine

  • Chair of Scots Law, Edinburgh, 1737-1765

Teaching

  • Principles of the Law of Scotland combines Justinian’s Institute with Pufendorf’s natural law; ‘it was the introduction of generations of Scots lawyers to their legal system’ (ODNB*)

Publications, Manuscripts, and other Resources

  • ‘Notes on lectures delivered by Erskine (1740): Sess. 1740-1’ [Apparently taken by Sir Gilbert Elliot, 3rd Bart of Minto], National Library of Scotland MS 3862
  • Principles of the law of Scotland: in the order of Sir George Mackenzie’s institutions of that law (1754); 7th edn (1791) available from Google Books

*For references, see the Site Bibliography.

James Mackintosh (1765-1832)

About Mackintosh

  • Studied at Aberdeen and was inspired by James Beattie (ODNB*)
  • Trained as a physician but changed to politics and journalism and later law: called to the English Bar in 1795 (ODNB*)
  • His Discourse on the law of nature and nations was a rejection of his former support for the French Revolution (ODNB*)
  • Was a judge in Bombay from 1803 to 1811 (ODNB*)
  • Rector of Glasgow University, 1823-1825

Publications, Manuscripts, and other Resources

  • James Mackintosh, A discourse on the study of the law of nature and nations; Introductory to a course on that science, to be commenced in Lincoln’s Inn Hall, On Wednesday, Feb. 13, 1799, in pursuance of an order of the Honourable Society of Lincoln’s Inn (London: Printed for T. Cadell et al, 1799)
  • James Mackintosh, A discourse on the study of the law of nature and nations, 2nd edn (London: Henry Goode and Co. Sold by T. Clark, Edinburgh; and Wardlaw and Co. Glasgow, 1828; repr. in The cabinet library of scarce and celebrated tracts, no. 1 (Edinburgh: Thomas Clark, 1835; repr. 1838) Available from Project Gutenburg.)

NPG 45; Sir James Mackintosh by Sir Thomas Lawrence

Sir James Mackintosh
by Sir Thomas Lawrence
oil on canvas, exhibited 1804
NPG 45
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Creative Commons Licence

*For references, see the Site Bibliography.